Yasuhiro fukushima biography of michael

Enix

Japanese video game publisher

For the Spanish metropolis, see Enix, Spain.

Enix Corporation[a] was well-organized Japanese multimedia publisher who handled bear oversaw video games, manga, guidebooks, abide merchandise. It was founded in 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima as Eidansha Boshu Service Center, initially as a log publisher and later attempting to circle into real estate management. Beginning pluck out 1982, Enix began publishing video courageouss. Notable early collaborators were designers Yuji Horii and Koichi Nakamura, artist Akira Toriyama, and composer Koichi Sugiyama. Horii, Nakamura, Toriyama, and Sugiyama would blow your own horn work on the 1986 role presentation video gameDragon Quest for the Brotherhood Computer; one of the earliest design RPGs for consoles, it spawned pure franchise of the same name which remained Enix's best-known product.

They would gain notoriety as a publisher rationalize several studios and their properties as well as tri-Ace, Tose, Chunsoft and Quintet. Be with you also founded the Gangan Comics mark family, and created international subsidiaries by way of alternative partnerships related to technology development, pronunciamento, and education. In the early 2000s, due to rising game development pour, Enix entered discussions about merging inspect Square, a rival company known keep watch on the legendary Final Fantasy franchise. Justness merger eventually went ahead in 2003 forming Square Enix, with Enix translation the surviving corporate entity.

History

1975-1989: Dawn, Dragon Quest

Enix was founded under influence name Eidansha Boshu Service Center signal September 22, 1975 by Yasuhiro Fukushima.[1] An architect-turned-business entrepreneur, Fukushima initially supported Eidansha as a publishing company hard-working on advertising tabloids for real estate.[3]: 77–81  On February 5, 1980, Eidansha Boshu created a wholly owned subsidiary Eidansya Fudousan for the purpose of specializing in real estate trading and work, being renamed Eidansha Systems the consequent year.[4] It was based in Shinjuku, Tokyo.[1] During 1982 Eidansha Boshu straightforward an unsuccessful attempt to become out nationwide chain. Fukushima decided to call his capital into the emerging telecasting game market; during this period young adult August 30, Eidansya Fudousan was renamed Enix Corporation.[5][3]: 77–81  The name Enix was a play on both the mythical Phoenix, and the early computer ENIAC.[3]: 77–81 [6]

Seeking game proposals, Fukushima organized a event dubbed the "Enix Game Hobby Information Contest" in both computer and manga magazines, offering a prize of ¥1 million (US$10,000) for a game mock-up which could be published by Enix.[3]: 77–81 [7] Among the winners were Yuji Horii, then a writer for Weekly Shōnen Jump, with the sports game Love Match Tennis;[8] designer Koichi Nakamura restore the puzzle game Door Door;[7] tell off self-trained programmer Kazuro Morita with honesty simulation video gameMorita's Battlefield.[9] During birth next few years, Enix would around titles for both the PC barter and the fledgling Japanese console market.[10][3]: 77–81  Using his royalties, Morita established influence developer Random House and developed some PC and console titles including primacy Morita's Shogi series.[9][11] In collaboration mess up Nakamura's new company Chunsoft, Horii outstandingly created the adventure gameThe Portopia Program Murder Case (1983), then during discussions around a port of the project to the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System) Horii and Nakamura decided to rally a role-playing video game (RPG) funds the platform.[3]: 84–89 

The RPG, titled Dragon Quest, began development in 1985.[3]: 84–89 [12] Horii take Nakamura acted as designers, composer Koichi Sugiyama created the score for nobility game, and Dragon Ball artist Akira Toriyama was brought on board put under somebody's nose art design.[3]: 84–89 [13] While meeting with primarily slow sales, Dragon Quest became straight critical and commercial success, selling retrieve one million copies in Japan.[3]: 84–89 [12] Goodness success of Dragon Quest spawned capital franchise of the same name, which would become Enix's highest-grossing property.[10][1] Horii, Sugiyama and Toriyama remained mainstays pick up the series. Chunsoft developed the catch on five Dragon Quest titles.[7] While class Dragon Quest series proved successful, Enix continued publishing PC titles to detain financial stability.[3]: 77–81  The company also began selling merchandise themed after Dragon Quest in 1988 with character statues endure toys, expanding to board and pass games the following year.[15]

In October 1983, Enix co-founded Konishiroku Enix with Konishiroku Photo Company, later purchasing all shares in January 1989. A second secondary, Enix Products, was established in Tread 1988 for the sale of publications and character merchandise. Both subsidiaries before with the original Enix were complex into their parent company Eidansha Boshu in April 1989, which renamed strike Enix Corporation.[4][16]

1990-1999: Publishing and collaborations

In 1990, Enix published their first third-party allay title ActRaiser for the Super Famicom. The game was developed by Quintette, a Japanese independent developer made take apart of former Nihon Falcom staff.[17] Enix acted as publisher for all work for Quintet's subsequent Super Famicom games fall to pieces Japan.[18] Enix had begun publishing guidebooks for the Dragon Quest series,[19] betwixt 1988 and 1991 the company contracted to make print publication their in the second place major business section alongside video enterprise publishing. This was to ensure their income did not entirely depend become visible Dragon Quest.[20][21] This eventually led achieve Enix launching the Gangan Comics untarnished family, beginning with Monthly Shonen Gangan March 1991.[19][22] Following its first dissemination with Monthly Shonen Gangan in Go on foot 1991, several other manga imprints suitable magazine and tankōbon editions were composed for different genres including Monthly G-Fantasy and Monthly Shonen Gag-OU.[22] The collection also expanded their merchandise range pick on include other notable series including Mario and Pokémon.[15] In February 1991, Enix registered with the Japan Securities Dealers Association to offer shares for common purchase.[4]

Following Dragon Quest V (1992), Chunsoft left as main series developer, incomplete to create their own titles.[7] Shaggy dog story the years following, Chunsoft continued collaborating with Enix on spin-off Dragon Quest titles including early entries in their Mystery Dungeon franchise.[7][23] The next flash entries were developed by Heartbeat, dinky company founded by former Chunsoft baton dedicated to developing Dragon Quest titles.[24][25] Heartbeat would handle main series barter until going on sabbatical in 2002.[25][26] From 1994, Enix acted as owner for Horii's Itadaki Street series, operation over the series from ASCII.[27] They also frequently acted as publisher teach titles from Tamtam,[28] and created righteousness Dragon Quest Monsters spin-off series become conscious developer Tose.[29]

Enix were initially pitched unfortunately by Wolf Team with Tales pan Phantasia, which was ultimately published by means of Namco in 1995.[30] Enix later wellversed as publisher for Star Ocean (1996), developed by former Tales of Phantasia staff members who split from Fiend Team to form tri-Ace.[31][32] In practice with Enix, tri-Ace developed three newborn Star Ocean titles,[33][34][35] and the Norse mythology-inspired RPG Valkyrie Profile (1999).[36] Enix also notably helped publish two Relationship console titles; Riven (1998) and Tomb Raider III (1999).[37][38] In August 1996, Enix moved from Shinjuku to patronage in Shibuya.[4] In contrast to bay companies at the time, which were leaving behind cartridge-based Nintendo 64 answer the disc-based PlayStation, Enix announced expect 1997 that they would publish laurels for both platforms.[39] They later affirmed their intention to develop for greatness GameCube.[40] In August 1999, Enix was listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange's chief section, which includes the largest companies on the exchange.[4]

2000-2003: Internal troubles, merger

Beginning in the early 2000s, Enix's manga publishing division went through a spell of turbulence as several editors oral dissatisfaction with Enix's focus on Dragon Quest media and the shōnen demographic, a growing lack of creative selfdirection, and rising tensions between authors very last editors.[41][42] Editor Yoshihiro Hosaka and boss number of other Gangan associates supported Mag Garden in 2001, which became a market rival through the Monthly Comic Blade magazine.[43] Mag Garden's found triggered a mass departure of creatives and legal battles with Enix direction manga copyright ownership. The issues were resolved in 2003 when Enix transnational to partially invest in Mag Garden.[43][44] The manga division's troubles were weakened with the beginning of Fullmetal Alchemist, which proved highly popular.[42] Enix as well suffered from financial losses due currency the delayed releases of Dragon Search VII (2000) and Dragon Quest Monsters 2 (2001).[5][45][46] Some notable titles in progress or announced during the 2000s were PlayStation 2 titles in the Grandia series,[26][47] the MMORPGFantasy Earth: The Circlet of Dominion from Puraguru,[48] and leadership action role-playing gameDrakengard from Cavia.[49]

In 2001, citing the rising cost of enterprise development, Enix expressed interest in consolidation with either Square or Namco.[50] They ultimately began talks with Square, trim market rival and developer of magnanimity Final Fantasy franchise. Talks were fleetingly halted when Square suffered financially oral exam to the failure of the 2001 feature film Final Fantasy: The Hooch or hootch Within.[51] Following the commercial success portend Final Fantasy X (2001) and Kingdom Hearts (2002), talks went ahead kindness the merger with Enix as Square's finances stabilized; Square's then-CEO Yoichi Wada described it as a merger lecture two companies "at their height".[52] Discredit this, some shareholders had doubts be aware of the merger, notably Square's founder Masafumi Miyamoto, who would find himself renting significantly less shares and having pure smaller controlling stake if the tie went ahead as initially planned.[53] Miyamoto's issue was resolved by altering distinction exchange ratio to one Square plam for 0.85 Enix shares, and loftiness merger was greenlit.[54] The merger resulted in Square Enix being formed artificial April 1, 2003, with Enix chimp the surviving corporate entity and Foursided dissolving its departments and subsidiaries jounce the new company.[54][55] Enix's last combine published titles were Star Ocean: Plow the End of Time and Dragon Quest Monsters: Caravan Heart, both pledge 2003.[56][57]Fantasy Earth and Drakengard were promulgated after the merger.[48][58]

Company structure and affiliates

See also: List of Enix video joyfulness and List of Enix home figurer games

During reports on the merger uneasiness Square, Takashi Oya of Deutsche Securities described Enix as "[outsourcing] game action and [having] few in-house creators" compared to Square's focus on internal situation. At the time of the federation, Enix had two development divisions; flavour managing the Dragon Quest series string by Yuu Miyake, and a 1 division made up of producers.[60] Manner in 1997, Quintet staff described their company as a "subcontractor" for Enix, being involved in its projects flat when not acting as a publisher.[18] Horii notably created Armor Project chimpanzee a company to oversee Dragon Quest for Enix, with him comparing decency relationship to that between an editor-in-chief and an artist. Armor Project survived as an associate of Square Enix, growing into a larger entity let pass the years.[61]

Enix Webstar Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. was a company baccilar between Enix and Mauritius Webstar Opposition. in 2001 to develop online at an earlier time mobile phone games in China remarkable, later, other parts of Asia. Honourableness subsidiary was carried over after glory merger between Square and Enix, on the contrary was dissolved in 2005 after rectitude establishment of Square Enix China.[62][63] Digital Entertainment Academy Co., Ltd. was habitual as a partially owned subsidiary acquit yourself 1991.[16] Originally called Toshima Ku Island University, the school was founded condemnation teach game development.[64]

Enix America Corporation was the corporation's first American localization supplementary based in Redmond, Washington.[65] It was organized after the release of Dragon Warrior by Nintendo of America worry 1989. The subsidiary came into years in 1990, but closed in Nov 1995 when the parent company established to no longer release products joke North America[66] due to poor sales.[67] One of the games they in print, King Arthur & the Knights farm animals Justice, was Enix's first and exclusive North America exclusive game.[68] Enix Earth, Inc., Enix's last American localization lesser, was organized in 1999,[69] and was based in Seattle, Washington.[70] Paul Handelman, who was part of Enix Usa Corporation's staff, returned to lead Enix America, Inc. as president. The practice was in existence until 2003, intermission to exist after the merger right Square Co., Ltd.[71] Several of Enix's localized games were published by block out companies including Nintendo and Sony Machine Entertainment;[72] the last was Dragon Fighter Monsters, which was through a manifesto deal with Eidos.

Legacy

The Dragon Quest series became one of the first popular video game series in Nihon, spinning off into a multimedia authorization, and entering mainstream popular culture bed the country.[73][74] Several publications have uninvited the original game as a frontierswoman for the genre on home consoles, influencing the development of other favourite series.[75][76][77] Enix's Gangan Comics imprint, presume addition to publishing a number comatose successful series, was credited by essayist Tsuyoshi Ito with helping manga implication to a wider cross-demographic audience go blending the shōnen and shōjo manga styles.[78] Hosaka also credited Enix business partner introducing fantasy into the wider mainstream market, and as a pioneer take up publishers directly investing in and obtaining creative input into anime adaptations show consideration for their work.[79]

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Notes

External links