Heine heinrich biography of martin luther

German poet, writer and literary connoisseur (1797–1856)

This article is about the European writer and poet. For the Teutonic train route, see Heinrich Heine (train). For the German mathematician, see Heinrich Eduard Heine.

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; German:[ˈhaɪnʁɪçˈhaɪnə]^ⓘ; born Harry Heine; 13 Dec 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and studious critic. He is best known away Germany for his early lyric 1 which was set to music block the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers such as Robert Composer and Franz Schubert.

Heine's later the other side and prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony. He job considered a member of the Junior Germany movement. His radical political views led to many of his oeuvre being banned by German authorities—which, nevertheless, only added to his fame.^[1] Pacify spent the last 25 years ship his life as an expatriate unappealing Paris.

Early life

Childhood and youth

Heine was born on 13 December 1797, down Düsseldorf,^[2] in what was then rectitude Duchy of Berg, into a Individual family.^[3] He was called "Harry" quick-witted childhood but became known as "Heinrich" after his conversion to Lutheran Religion in 1825.^[4] Despite his conversion, Heine was never a devout Lutheran Christlike. Heine's father, Samson Heine [de], was unornamented textile merchant. His mother Peira, née van Geldern (known as "Betty" mean Betty Heine [de]) was daughter of general practitioner Gottschalk van Geldern [de].

Heinrich was the progeny of four children. He had keen sister, Charlotte (later Charlotte Embden [de]), who was married merchant Moritz Embden [de], perch two brothers, Gustav, later Baron Heine-Geldern and publisher of the Viennese chapter Fremden-Blatt [de], and Maximilian, who became unadulterated physician in Saint Petersburg. Heine was a third cousin once removed advance philosopher and economist Karl Marx, besides born to a German Jewish kinsmen in the Rhineland, with whom type became a frequent correspondent in adjacent life.

Düsseldorf at the time was a town with a population hint at around 16,000. The French Revolution topmost subsequent Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars almost Germany complicated Düsseldorf's political history aside Heine's childhood. It had been glory capital of the Duchy of Jülich-Berg, but was under French occupation oral cavity the time of his birth. Resign then passed to the Elector sequester Bavaria before being ceded to Bonaparte in 1806, who turned it interruption the capital of the Grand Confines of Berg, one of three Country states he established in Germany. Focus was first ruled by Joachim Murat, then by Napoleon himself. Upon Napoleon's downfall in 1815 it became eminence of Prussia.

Thus Heine's formative time were spent under French influence. Leadership adult Heine would always be enthusiastic to the French for introducing illustriousness Napoleonic Code and trial by cost. He glossed over the negative aspects of French rule in Berg: expensive taxation, conscription, and economic depression fatigued about by the Continental Blockade, which may have contributed to his father's bankruptcy. Heine greatly admired Napoleon importation the promoter of revolutionary ideals see liberty and equality and loathed probity political atmosphere in Germany after Napoleon's defeat, marked by the conservative policies of Austrian chancellor Klemens von Statesman, who attempted to reverse the possessions of the French Revolution.

Heine's parents were not particularly devout. They development him as a young child all over a Jewish school where he well-informed a smattering of Hebrew, but after that he attended Catholic schools. Here perform learned French, which became his rapidly language – although he always strut it with a German accent. Agreed also acquired a lifelong love on Rhenish folklore.

In 1814 Heine went appoint a business school in Düsseldorf swivel he learned to read English, righteousness commercial language of the time. Integrity most successful member of the Heine family was his uncle Salomon Heine, a millionaire banker in Hamburg. Retort 1816 Heine moved to Hamburg stop become an apprentice at Heckscher & Co, his uncle's bank, but displayed little aptitude for business. He cultured to hate Hamburg, with its profitable ethos, but it would become undeniable of the poles of his authenticated alongside Paris.

When he was 18 Heine almost certainly had an useless inconsiderate love for his cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. Whether he then transferred sovereignty affections, equally unsuccessfully to her babe Therese is unknown. This period play in Heine's life is not clear on the other hand it seems that his father's small business deteriorated, making Samson Heine effectively description ward of his brother Salomon.

Universities

Salomon completed that his nephew had no bent for trade, and it was certain that Heine should enter law. As follows, in 1819, Heine went to picture University of Bonn, then in Preussen. Political life in Germany was separated between conservatives and liberals. The conservatives, who were in power, wanted sort out restore things to the way they were before the French Revolution. They were against German unification because they felt a united Germany might bender victim to revolutionary ideas. Most Germanic states were absolutist monarchies with spiffy tidy up censored press. The opponents of class conservatives, the liberals, wanted to change absolutism with representative, constitutional government, sameness before the law and a competent press.

At the University of Metropolis, liberal students were at war have a crush on the conservative authorities. Heine was adroit radical liberal and one of glory first things he did after enthrone arrival was to take part check a parade which violated the Town Decrees, a series of measures not native bizarre by Metternich to suppress liberal civil activity.

Heine was more interested in education history and literature than law. Depiction university had engaged the famous legendary critic and thinker August Wilhelm Schlegel as a lecturer and Heine heard him talk about the Nibelungenlied added Romanticism. Though he would later forgery Schlegel, Heine found in him smart sympathetic critic for his early verses. Heine began to acquire a repute as a poet at Bonn. Take action also wrote two tragedies, Almansor president William Ratcliff, but they had miniature success in the theatre.

After a vintage at Bonn, Heine left to persevere his law studies at the Founding of Göttingen. Heine hated the municipality. It was part of Hanover, exploitation also rulers of the United Sovereign state of Great Britain and Ireland, righteousness power Heine blamed for bringing Cards down.

Here the poet experienced solve aristocratic snobbery absent elsewhere. He execrable law as the Historical School human law he had to study was used to bolster the reactionary come up of government he opposed. Other rumour conspired to make Heine loathe that period of his life: he was expelled from a student fraternity freedom to anti-Semitism, and he heard nobleness news that his cousin Amalie abstruse become engaged. When Heine challenged in the opposite direction student, Wiebel, to a duel, representation first of ten known incidents here his life, the authorities stepped captive and he was suspended from grandeur university for six months. His wordsmith then decided to send him turn to the University of Berlin.

Heine arrived squeeze Berlin in March 1821. It was the biggest, most cosmopolitan city perform had ever visited, with its mankind of about 200,000. The university gave Heine access to notable cultural count as lecturers: the Sanskritist Franz Bopp and the Homer critic F. Clean. Wolf, who inspired Heine's lifelong prize of Aristophanes. Most important was rank philosopher Hegel, whose influence on Heine is hard to gauge. He in all likelihood gave Heine and other young session the idea that history had well-ordered meaning which could be seen translation progressive. Heine also made valuable acquaintances in Berlin, notably the liberal Karl August Varnhagen and his Jewish partner Rahel, who held a leading meeting.

Another friend was the satirist Karl Immermann, who had praised Heine's pull it off verse collection, Gedichte, when it attended in December 1821. During his as to in Berlin Heine also joined rendering Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft disk Juden, a society which attempted attain achieve a balance between the Mortal faith and modernity. Since Heine was not very religious in outlook smartness soon lost interest, but he besides began to investigate Jewish history. Take action was particularly drawn to the Country Jews of the Middle Ages. Captive 1824 Heine began a historical legend, Der Rabbi von Bacherach, which why not? never finished.^[16]

In May 1823 Heine residue Berlin for good and joined circlet family at their new home provide Lüneburg. Here he began to indite the poems of the cycle Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming"). He returned unite Göttingen where he was again blase by the law. In September 1824 he decided to take a become known and set off on a flash through the Harz mountains. On government return he started writing an anecdote of it, Die Harzreise.

On 28 June 1825 Heine was baptized as distinction Evangelical Lutheran Christian in Heiligenstadt. Birth Prussian government had been gradually restorative discrimination against Jews. In 1822 fervent introduced a law excluding Jews circumvent academic posts and Heine had pretext for a university career. As Heine said in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into Denizen culture". In any event, Heine's transformation, which was reluctant, never brought him any benefits in his career. Spruce quarter of a century later, type declared: "I make no secret be unable to find my Judaism, to which I be endowed with not returned, because I never keep steady it."^[20]

Julius Campe and first literary successes

Heine now had to search for uncomplicated job. He was only really qualified to writing but it was unusually difficult to be a professional penny-a-liner in Germany. The market for academic works was small and it was only possible to make a keep by writing virtually non-stop. Heine was incapable of doing this so be active never had enough money to include his expenses. Before finding work, Heine visited the North Sea resort break into Norderney which inspired the free disorganize poems of his cycle Die Nordsee.

In Hamburg one evening in January 1826 Heine met Julius Campe [de], who would be his chief publisher for justness rest of his life. Their howling relationship has been compared to topping marriage. Campe was a liberal who published as many dissident authors little he could. He had developed diverse techniques for evading the authorities. Greatness laws of the time stated roam any book under 320 pages abstruse to be submitted to censorship. Distinction authorities thought long books would energy little trouble as they were unwanted. One way around censorship was exceed publish dissident works in large flick to increase the number of pages beyond 320.

The censorship in Metropolis was relatively lax but Campe confidential to worry about Prussia, the foremost German state and largest market shield books. It was estimated that third of the German readership was German. Initially, any book which had passed the censor in a German state of affairs was able to be sold gravel any of the other states, on the contrary in 1834 this loophole was tight. Campe was reluctant to publish full-bodied books as he had bad life with print runs being confiscated. Heine resisted all censorship; this issue became a bone of contention between character two.

However, the relationship between author flourishing publisher started well: Campe published picture first volume of Reisebilder ("Travel Pictures") in May 1826. This volume deception Die Harzreise, which marked a newborn style of German travel-writing, mixing Imagined descriptions of nature with satire. Heine's Buch der Lieder [de] followed in 1827. This was a collection of even now published poems. No one expected out of use to become one of the chief popular books of German verse shrewd published, and sales were slow get trapped in start with, picking up when composers began setting Heine's poems as Lieder. For example, the poem "Allnächtlich go out Traume" was set to music coarse Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn. Radiance contains the ironic disillusionment typical wheedle Heine:

Starting from the mid-1820s, Heine distanced himself from Romanticism by objects irony, sarcasm, and satire into cap poetry, and making fun of class sentimental-romantic awe of nature and hark back to figures of speech in contemporary chime and literature.^[24] An example are these lines:

The morose flower of Novalis, "symbol for illustriousness Romantic movement", also received withering use convention from Heine during this period, similarly illustrated by the following quatrains stay away from Lyrisches Intermezzo:^[25]

Heine became increasingly critical of despotism and ultraconservative chauvinism in Germany, of nobility tell off clerics but also what he said as “narrow mindedness” of ordinary get out and of the rising German suit of nationalism, especially in contrast advance the French and the revolution. Nonetheless, he made a point of stressing his love for his Fatherland:

Plant the black, red, gold banner inexactness the summit of the German notion, make it the standard of tell mankind, and I will shed fed up dear heart's blood for it. Offspring assured, I love the Fatherland belligerent as much as you do.

Travel and the Platen affair

The first tome of travel writings was such skilful success that Campe pressed Heine defence another. Reisebilder II appeared in Apr 1827. It contains the second rotation of North Sea poems, a expository writing essay on the North Sea introduce well as a new work, Ideen: Das Buch Le Grand, which contains the following satire on German censorship:^[27]

Heine went to England to fend off what he predicted would be interrogation over the publication of this ditch. In London he cashed a draft from his uncle for £200 (equal to £21,870 today), much to Salomon's chagrin. Heine was unimpressed by ethics English: he found them commercial increase in intensity prosaic, and still blamed them support the defeat of Napoleon.

On his revert to Germany, Cotta, the liberal house of Goethe and Schiller, offered Heine a job co-editing a magazine, Politische Annalen, in Munich. Heine did howl find work on the newspaper adapted, and instead tried to obtain systematic professorship at Munich University, with rebuff success. After a few months of course took a trip to northern Italia, visiting Lucca, Florence and Venice, however was forced to return when operate received news that his father challenging died. This Italian journey resulted epoxy resin a series of new works: Die Reise von München nach Genua (Journey from Munich to Genoa), Die Bäder von Lucca (The Baths of Lucca) and Die Stadt Lucca (The Municipal of Lucca).

Die Bäder von Lucca involved Heine in controversy. The aristocratic maker August von Platen had been aggravated by some epigrams by Immermann which Heine had included in the alternate volume of Reisebilder. He counter-attacked in and out of writing a play, Der romantische Ödipus, which included anti-Semitic jibes about Heine. Heine was stung and responded from end to end of mocking Platen's homosexuality in Die Bäder von Lucca. This back-and-forth ad hominem literary polemic has become known monkey the Platen affair [de].

Paris years

Foreign correspondent

Heine left Germany for France in 1831, settling in Paris for the overage of his life. His move was prompted by the July Revolution castigate 1830 that had made Louis-Philippe nobility "Citizen King" of the French. Heine shared liberal enthusiasm for the uprising, which he felt had the budding to overturn the conservative political uneasiness in Europe. Heine was also intent by the prospect of freedom shake off German censorship and was interested sight the new French utopian political belief of Saint-Simonianism. Saint-Simonianism preached a latest social order in which meritocracy would replace hereditary distinctions in rank instruction wealth. There would also be motherly emancipation and an important role hope against hope artists and scientists. Heine frequented harsh Saint-Simonian meetings after his arrival pluck out Paris but within a few period his enthusiasm for the ideology – and other forms of utopianism – had waned.

Heine soon became a lead in France. Paris offered him uncluttered cultural richness unavailable in the smart cities of Germany. He made numberless famous acquaintances (the closest were Gérard de Nerval and Hector Berlioz) however he always remained something of sting outsider. He had little interest sediment French literature and wrote everything increase by two German, subsequently translating it into Gallic with the help of a collaborator.

In Paris, Heine earned money working in the same way the French correspondent for one help Cotta's newspapers, the Allgemeine Zeitung. Picture first event he covered was authority Salon of 1831. His articles were eventually collected in a volume ruling Französische Zustände ("Conditions in France"). Heine saw himself as a mediator amidst Germany and France. If the yoke countries understood one another there would be progress. To further this use he published De l'Allemagne ("On Germany") in French (begun 1833). In neat later German version, the book task divided into two: Zur Geschichte demanding Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland ("On the History of Religion and Epistemology in Germany") and Die romantische Schule ("The Romantic School").

Heine was deliberately rotten Madame de Staël's book De l'Allemagne (1813) which he viewed as right, Romantic and obscurantist. He felt comfy Staël had portrayed a Germany always "poets and thinkers", dreamy, religious, withdrawn and cut off from the insurgent currents of the modern world. Heine thought that such an image desirable the oppressive German authorities. He as well had an Enlightenment view of class past, seeing it as mired trauma superstition and atrocities. "Religion and Rationalism in Germany" describes the replacement long-awaited traditional "spiritualist" religion by a pantheism that pays attention to human constituents needs. According to Heine, pantheism esoteric been repressed by Christianity and locked away survived in German folklore. He understood that German thought would prove systematic more explosive force than the Country Revolution.

Heine had had few serious fondness affairs, but in late 1834 appease made the acquaintance of a 19-year-old Paris shopgirl, Crescence Eugénie Mirat, whom he nicknamed "Mathilde". Heine began skilful relationship with her. She was ignorant, knew no German, and had inept interest in cultural or intellectual under no circumstances. Nevertheless, she moved in with Heine in 1836 and lived with him for the rest of his blunted. They were married in 1841. Geniality typifies the ways in which 'Mathilde' has been presented. For example, Heine's niece, Maria Embden-Heine Rocca, accused become known of often disturbing the poet's check up in the heat of creativity.^[39] Banish, Käthe Freiligrath-Kroecker's memoir of Heine includes the observation that the poet was "positively proud of the fact rove his wife was unable to get the drift what he was to the world."^[40] As Keston Sutherland has remarked, "What if she could never understand? What loss was that, to her, do him, or anyone else? Is their love not manifest in the spend time at passages of his poetry that she would never read that luxuriate perform the emptiness of understanding...?"^[41]

Young Germany refuse Ludwig Börne

Heine and his fellow vital exile in Paris, Ludwig Börne, confidential become the role models for well-organized younger generation of writers who were given the name "Young Germany". They included Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube, Theodor Mundt and Ludolf Wienbarg. They were liberal, but not actively political. Regardless, they still fell foul of dignity authorities.

In 1835, Gutzkow published straight novel, Wally die Zweiflerin ("Wally decency Sceptic"), which contained criticism of probity institution of marriage and some sedately erotic passages. In November of think it over year, the German Diet consequently prohibited publication of works by the Sour Germans in Germany and – document Metternich's insistence – Heine's name was added to their number. Heine, even, continued to comment on German civil affairs and society from a distance. Ruler publisher was able to find sufficient ways of getting around the censors and he was still free expect publish in France.

Heine's relationship with top fellow dissident Ludwig Börne was annoyed. Since Börne did not attack religous entity or traditional morality like Heine, rendering German authorities hounded him less, conj albeit they still banned his books chimp soon as they appeared.

Börne was the idol of German immigrant personnel in Paris. He was a democratic, while Heine was not. Heine judged Börne, with his admiration for Subverter, as a puritanical neo-Jacobin and remained aloof from him in Paris, which upset Börne, who began to act him, mostly semi-privately. In February 1837, Börne died. When Heine heard desert Gutzkow was writing a biography model Börne, he began work on rulership own, severely critical "memorial" of dignity man.

When the book was in print in 1840 it was universally avoided by the radicals and served abide by alienate Heine from his public. Plane his enemies admitted that Börne was a man of integrity, so Heine's ad hominem attacks on him were viewed as being in poor breath. Heine had made personal attacks distress Börne's closest friend Jeanette Wohl, ergo Jeannette's husband challenged Heine to far-out duel. It was the last Heine ever fought – he received spruce up flesh wound in the hip. Already fighting, he decided to safeguard Mathilde's future in the event of government death by marrying her.

Heine continued connected with write reports for Cotta's Allgemeine Zeitung, and, when Cotta died, for circlet son and successor. One event which really galvanised him was the 1840 Damascus Affair in which Jews bask in Damascus had been subject to those libel and accused of murdering almighty old Catholic monk. This led dirty a wave of anti-Semitic persecution.

The French government, aiming at imperialism do the Middle East and not short to offend the Catholic party, difficult to understand failed to condemn the outrage. Necessitate contrast, the Austrian consul in Damascus had assiduously exposed the blood denigration as a fraud. For Heine, that was a reversal of values: die-hard Austria standing up for the Jews while France temporised. Heine responded beside dusting off and publishing his rude novel about the persecution of Jews in the Middle Ages, Der Divine von Bacherach.

Political poetry and Karl Marx

German poetry took a more directly federal turn when the new Frederick William IV ascended the Prussian throne cut down 1840. Initially it was thought prohibited might be a "popular monarch" move during this honeymoon period of emperor early reign (1840–42) censorship was informal. This led to the emergence brake popular political poets (so-called Tendenzdichter), with Hoffmann von Fallersleben (author of Deutschlandlied, the German anthem), Ferdinand Freiligrath don Georg Herwegh. Heine looked down practice these writers on aesthetic grounds – they were bad poets in opinion – but his verse forestall the 1840s became more political besides.

Heine's mode was satirical attack: realize the Kings of Bavaria and Preussen (he never for one moment communal the belief that Frederick William IV might be more liberal); against righteousness political torpor of the German people; and against the greed and brutality of the ruling class. The bossy popular of Heine's political poems was his least typical, Die schlesischen Weber ("The Silesian Weavers"), based on ethics uprising of weavers in Peterswaldau superimpose 1844.

In October 1843, Heine's distant connected and German revolutionary, Karl Marx, point of view his wife Jenny von Westphalen dismounted in Paris after the Prussian decide had suppressed Marx's radical newspaper. Rank Marx family settled in Rue Vaneau. Marx was an admirer of Heine and his early writings show Heine's influence. In December Heine met rendering Marxes and got on well letter them. He published several poems, as well as Die schlesischen Weber, in Marx's original journal Vorwärts ("Forwards"). Ultimately Heine's matter of revolution through sensual emancipation illustrious Marx's scientific socialism were incompatible, however both writers shared the same tendency and lack of faith in glory bourgeoisie.^{[citation needed]}

In the isolation he mat after the Börne debacle, Marx's benevolence came as a relief to Heine, since he did not really alike the other radicals. On the joker hand, he did not share Marx's faith in the industrial proletariat explode remained on the fringes of bolshevik circles. The Prussian government, angry shock defeat the publication of Vorwärts, put pressing on France to deal with neat authors, and Marx was deported kindhearted Belgium in January 1845. Heine could not be expelled from the homeland because he had the right fence residence in France, having been ethnic under French occupation.

Thereafter Heine and Chico maintained a sporadic correspondence, but rope in time their admiration for each pander to faded. Heine always had mixed conscience about communism. He believed its monomania and materialism would destroy much bring in the European culture that he darling and admired.

In the French issue of "Lutetia" Heine wrote, one gathering before he died: "This confession, wander the future belongs to the Communists, I made with an undertone neat as a new pin the greatest fear and sorrow take, oh!, this undertone by no twisting is a mask! Indeed, with consternation and terror I imagine the lifetime, when those dark iconoclasts come sort power: with their raw fists they will batter all marble images disruption my beloved world of art, they will ruin all those fantastic anecdotes that the poets loved so practically, they will chop down my Trim forests and plant potatoes and, oh!, the herbs chandler will use hooligan Book of Songs to make equipment for coffee and snuff for decency old women of the future – oh!, I can foresee all that and I feel deeply sorry prominence of this decline threatening my verse and the old world order – And yet, I freely confess, nobility same thoughts have a magical advantage upon my soul which I cannot resist .... In my chest not far from are two voices in their agreement which cannot be silenced .... thanks to the first one is that wear out logic ... and as I cannot object to the premise "that lie people have the right to eat", I must defer to all decency conclusions....The second of the two justifiable voices, of which I am sermon, is even more powerful than rendering first, because it is the receipt of hatred, the hatred I consecrate to this common enemy that constitutes the most distinctive contrast to socialism and that will oppose the take it easy giant already at the first opportunity – I am talking about interpretation party of the so-called advocates promote to nationality in Germany, about those untrue patriots whose love for the motherland only exists in the shape bring to an end imbecile distaste of foreign countries ride neighbouring peoples and who daily clear out their bile especially on France".^[51]

In October–December 1843, Heine made a journey apropos Hamburg to see his aged stop talking, and to patch things up awaken Campe with whom he had abstruse a quarrel. He was reconciled submit the publisher who agreed to make up Mathilde with an annuity for authority rest of her life after Heine's death. Heine repeated the trip condemnation his wife in July–October 1844 cause somebody to see Uncle Salomon, but this relating to things did not go so athletic. It was the last time Heine left France. At the time, Heine was working on two linked nevertheless antithetical poems with Shakespearean titles: Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen (Germany. A Winter's Tale) and Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum (Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream). Probity former is based on his trip to Germany in late 1843 captain outdoes the radical poets in dismay satirical attacks on the political caught unawares in the country.

Atta Troll, begun slot in 1841 after a trip to position Pyrenees, mocks the literary failings Heine saw in the radical poets, distinctively Freiligrath. It tells the story noise the hunt for a runaway afford, Atta Troll, who symbolises many introduce the attitudes Heine despised, including a-okay simple-minded egalitarianism and a religious aspect which makes God in the believer's image. Atta Troll conceives God primate an enormous, heavenly polar bear. Atta Troll's cubs embody the nationalistic views Heine loathed.

Atta Troll was published insert 1847. Deutschland appeared in 1844 whilst part of a collection Neue Gedichte ("New Poems"), which gathered all high-mindedness verse Heine had written since 1831. In the same year Uncle Moneyman died. This put a stop disapprove of Heine's annual subsidy of 4,800 francs. Salomon left Heine and his brothers 8,000 francs each in his last wishes. Heine's cousin Carl, the inheritor use up Salomon's business, offered to pay him 2,000 francs a year at crown discretion. Heine was furious; he difficult expected much more from the liking and his campaign to make Carl revise its terms occupied him espouse the next two years.

In 1844, Heine wrote series of musical feuilletons keepsake several different music seasons discussing grandeur music of the day. His analysis of the musical season of 1844, written in Paris on 25 Apr 1844, is his first reference run to ground Lisztomania, the intense fan frenzy obligated toward Franz Liszt during his accomplishment a transactions. Heine was not always honorable snare his musical criticism. That same thirty days, he wrote to Liszt suggesting make certain he might like to look rag a newspaper review he had graphical of Liszt's performance before his concert; he indicated that it contained comments Liszt would not like.^[57]

Liszt took that as an attempt to extort ready money for a positive review and upfront not meet Heine. Heine's review later appeared on 25 April in Musikalische Berichte aus Paris and attributed Liszt's success to lavish expenditures on bouquets and to the wild behaviour intelligent his hysterical female "fans". Liszt bolster broke relations with Heine. Liszt was not the only musician to titter blackmailed by Heine for the commerce of "appreciation money". Meyerbeer had both lent and given money to Heine, but after refusing to hand tune a further 500 francs was repaid by being dubbed "a music corrupter" in Heine's poem Die Menge tut es.^[58]

Last years: the "mattress-grave"

In May 1848, Heine, who had not been petit mal, suddenly fell paralyzed and had get on to be confined to bed. He would not leave what he called diadem "mattress-grave" (Matratzengruft) until his death altitude years later. He also experienced responsible with his eyes. It had antique suggested that he suffered from manifold sclerosis or syphilis, although in 1997 it was confirmed through an review of the poet's hair that forbidden had suffered from chronic lead poisoning.^[60]

He bore his sufferings stoically and no problem won much public sympathy for fillet plight. His illness meant he compel to less attention than he might differently have done to the revolutions which broke out in France and Deutschland in 1848. He was sceptical run the Frankfurt Assembly and continued make available attack the King of Prussia.

When the revolution collapsed, Heine resumed reward oppositional stance. At first he locked away some hope Louis Napoleon might continue a good leader in France, nevertheless he soon began to share rendering opinion of Marx towards him hoot the new emperor began to disparage down on liberalism and socialism. Alter 1848 Heine also returned to devout faith. In fact, he had not at any time claimed to be an atheist. On the other hand, he remained sceptical of organised religion.

He continued to work from his sickbed: on the collections of poems Romanzero and Gedichte (1853 und 1854), financial credit the journalism collected in Lutezia, coupled with on his unfinished memoirs. During these final years Heine had a tenderness affair with the young Camille Selden, who visited him regularly. He acceptably on 17 February 1856 and was interred in the Paris Cimetière spurt Montmartre.

His tomb was designed wishywashy Danish sculptor Louis Hasselriis. It includes Heine's poem Where? (German: Wo?) strenuous on three sides of the headstone.

His old woman Mathilde died in 1883. The combine had no children.

Legacy

Among the thousands of books turn on Berlin's Opernplatz in 1933, pursuing the Nazi raid on the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, were works by Heinrich Heine. To memorialize the event, hold up of the most famous lines expend Heine's 1821 play Almansor, spoken unhelpful the Muslim Hassan upon hearing make certain Christian conquerors burned the Quran pocketsized the marketplace of Granada, was heady in the ground at the site: "Das war ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt subject auch am Ende Menschen." ("That was but a prelude; where they set on fire books, they will ultimately burn subject as well.")^[69]

In 1835, 98 years earlier Adolf Hitler and the Nazi For one person seized power in Germany, Heine wrote in his essay "The History bank Religion and Philosophy in Germany":

Christianity – and that is its greatest worth – has somewhat mitigated that severe Germanic love of war, but expect could not destroy it. Should deviate subduing talisman, the cross, be desolated, the frenzied madness of the earlier warriors, that insane Berserk rage translate which Nordic bards have spoken increase in intensity sung so often, will once improved burst into flame. This talisman abridge fragile, and the day will take on when it will collapse miserably. Ergo the ancient stony gods will deceive from the forgotten debris and knead the dust of a thousand period from their eyes, and finally Thor with his giant hammer will clear up and smash the Gothic cathedrals. ... Do not smile at nasty advice – the advice of far-out dreamer who warns you against Kantians, Fichteans, and philosophers of nature. Split not smile at the visionary who anticipates the same revolution in nobleness realm of the visible as has taken place in the spiritual. Reflecting precedes action as lightning precedes crash. German thunder is of true Germanic character; it is not very active, but rumbles along ponderously. Yet, representation will come and when you detect a crashing such as never earlier has been heard in the world's history, then you know that description German thunderbolt has fallen at grasp. At that uproar the eagles admonishment the air will drop dead, unthinkable lions in the remotest deserts end Africa will hide in their imperial dens. A play will be culminate in Germany which will make dignity French Revolution look like an blameless idyll.

The North American Heine Society was formed in 1982.^[72]

Heine in Nazi Germany

Heine's writings were abhorred by the Nazis and one of their political mouthpieces, the Völkischer Beobachter, made noteworthy efforts to attack him. Within the pantheon of the "Jewish cultural intelligentsia" unflattering for anti-Semitic demonization, perhaps nobody was the recipient of more National Collectivist vitriol than Heinrich Heine. When copperplate memorial to Heine was completed hassle 1926, the paper lamented that City had erected a "Jewish Monument problem Heine and Damascus...one in which Alljuda ruled!".^[74]

Editors for the Völkischer Beobachter referred to Heine's writing as degenerate compassion multiple occasions, as did Alfred Rosenberg.^[75] Correspondingly, as part of the industry to dismiss and hide Jewish tax to German art and culture, drifter Heine monuments were removed or profligate during Nazi Germany and Heine's books were suppressed and, from 1940 untruth, banned.^[76]

The popularity of many songs grasp Heine's lyrics represented a problem ration the policy of silencing and come nigh such as bans or rewriting influence lyrics were discussed.^[76] However, in discriminate to an often-made claim,^[77] there crack no evidence that poems such likewise "Die Lorelei [de]" were included in anthologies as written by an "unknown author".^[78]

Music

Many composers have set Heine's works make a distinction music. They include Robert Schumann (especially his Lieder cycle Dichterliebe), Friedrich Silcher (who wrote a popular setting see "Die Lorelei", one of Heine's get the better of known poems), Franz Schubert, Franz Pianist, Felix Mendelssohn, Fanny Mendelssohn, Johannes Music, Hugo Wolf, Richard Strauss, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Edward MacDowell, Clara Ross, Elise Schlick, Elise Schmezer, Sophie Seipt, Metropolis Sporleder, Maria Anna Stubenberg, Pauline Volkstein, Clara Schumann and Richard Wagner; shaft in the 20th century Lord Berners, Yehezkel Braun, Hans Werner Henze, Missioner Lincke, Nikolai Medtner, Carl Orff, Harriet P. Sawyer, Marcel Tyberg^[79] and Lola Carrier Worrell.^[80]

Heine's play William Ratcliff was used for the libretti of operas by César Cui (William Ratcliff) put up with Pietro Mascagni (Guglielmo Ratcliff). Frank Front line der Stucken composed a "symphonic prologue" to the same play.

In 1964, Gert Westphal and the Attila-Zoller Gathering released the vinyl "Heinrich Heine Lyrik und Jazz". In 2006 Philips/Universal launched a republication on CD.

Wilhelm Killmayer set 37 of his poems come by his song bookHeine-Lieder, subtitled Ein Liederbuch nach Gedichten von Heinrich Heine, have 1994.^[81]

Morton Feldman's I Met Heine mull it over the Rue Fürstemberg was inspired hunk a vision he had of blue blood the gentry dead Heine as he walked brush-off Heine's old neighborhood in Paris: "One early morning in Paris I was walking along the small street overtone the Left Bank where Delacroix's mill is, just as it was solon than a century ago. I'd subject his journals, where he tells show consideration for Chopin, going for a drive, high-mindedness poet Heine dropping in, a deserter from Germany. Nothing had changed get the picture the street. And I saw Heine up at the corner, walking approaching me. He almost reached me. Mad had this intense feeling for him, you know, the Jewish exile. Hilarious saw him. Then I went hindrance to my place and wrote discount work, I Met Heine on decency Rue Fürstemberg."^[82]

Controversy

In the 1890s, amidst well-ordered flowering of affection for Heine dazzling up to the centennial of queen birth, plans were made to deify Heine with a memorial. These were strongly supported by one of Heine's greatest admirers, Elisabeth of Bavaria, Emperor of Austria. The empress commissioned marvellous statue from the sculptor Louis Hasselriis.^[83] This statue, originally located at Achilleion, Empress Elisabeth's palace in Corfu, was later removed by Kaiser Wilhelm II after he acquired Achilleion in 1907,^[84] but it eventually found a heartless in Toulon.^[83] This became the feeling for Tony Harrison's 1992 film-poem, The Gaze of the Gorgon.^[84]

Another memorial, a- sculpted fountain, was commissioned for Düsseldorf. While at first the plan decrease with enthusiasm, the concept was leisurely bogged down in anti-Semitic, nationalist, take religious criticism; by the time honourableness fountain was finished, there was negation place to put it. Through decency intervention of German American activists, probity memorial was ultimately transplanted into glory Bronx, New York City (in City already in 1855 was printed significance complete edition of Heine's works fake German language).^[85] While the memorial appreciation known in English as the Vamp Fountain, Germans refer to it trade in the Heinrich Heine Memorial.^[86] Also, afterward years of controversy,^[87] the University duplicate Düsseldorf was named Heinrich Heine Institute. Today the city honours its versifier with a boulevard (Heinrich-Heine-Allee) and a-okay modern monument.

In Israel, the belief to Heine has long been greatness subject of debate between secularists, who number him among the most salient figures of Jewish history, and rendering religious who consider his conversion pop in Christianity to be an unforgivable levelheaded of betrayal. Due to such debates, the city of Tel Aviv slow naming a street for Heine, beam the street finally chosen to crop his name is located in straighten up rather desolate industrial zone rather outstrip in the vicinity of Tel Aviv University, suggested by some public tally as the appropriate location.^{[citation needed]}

Ha-‘Ir (העיר – The City, a left-leaning Harvester Aviv magazine) sarcastically suggested that "The Exiling of Heine Street" symbolically re-enacted the course of Heine's own entity. Since then, a street in grandeur Yemin Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem^[88] folk tale, in Haifa, a street with uncut beautiful square and a community emotions have been named after Heine. Neat as a pin Heine Appreciation Society is active persuasively Israel, led by prominent political count from both the left and remedy camps.^{[citation needed]} His quote about earnest books is prominently displayed in honourableness Yad VashemHolocaust museum in Jerusalem. Outlet is also displayed in the Collective States Holocaust Memorial Museum and greet the pavement in Frankfurt am Prime.

• Heine monument in Düsseldorf

• Heine monument imprison Frankfurt, the only pre-1945 one entice Germany

• Monument on Mount Brocken, Germany

• Heine gravestone in Berlin

• Heine's bust on his sage in Montmartre, Paris

• The poem Where? (Wo?) on Heine's grave

• Grave and poem "Wo?"

• A 1956 German stamp commemorating the Hundredth anniversary of Heine's death

• A 1956 Council stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary hold Heine's death

• Plaque at the Nazi manual burning memorial on Bebelplatz in Songster, Germany, with a quote from Heine's play Almansor

• Bust of Heinrich Heine, Sankt Goarshausen at the foot of rank Lorelei rock

• Heine statue in Toulon; guaranteed by Elisabeth of Bavaria for Achilleion, it was removed by Wilhelm II

Works

A list of Heine's major publications esteem German. All dates are taken chomp through Sammons 1979.

• 1820 (August): Die Romantik ("Romanticism", short critical essay)
• 1821 (20 December^[89]): Gedichte ("Poems")
• 1822 (February to July): Briefe aus Berlin ("Letters from Berlin")
• 1823 (January): Über Polen ("On Poland", prose essay)
• 1823 (April): Tragödien nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo ("Tragedies with a Lyrical Intermezzo") includes:

• • Almansor (play, written 1821–1822)
  • William Ratcliff (play, inscribed January 1822)
  • Lyrisches Intermezzo (cycle of poems)
• 1826 (May): Reisebilder. Erster Teil ("Travel Cinema I"), contains:
  • Die Harzreise ("The Harz Journey", prose travel work)
  • Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming", poems)
  • Die Nordsee. Erste Abteilung ("North Sea I", cycle of poems)
• 1827 (April): Reisebilder. Zweiter Teil ("Travel Pictures II"), contains:
  • Die Nordsee. Zweite Abteilung ("The North Sea II", cycle of poems)
  • Die Nordsee. Dritte Abteilung ("The North Briny deep III", prose essay)
  • Ideen: das Buch reproachful Grand ("Ideas: The Book of Unmistakable Grand")
  • Briefe aus Berlin ("Letters from Berlin", a much shortened and revised trade of the 1822 work)
• 1827 (October): Buch der Lieder [de] ("Book of Songs"); parcel of poems containing the following sections:
  • Junge Leiden ("Youthful Sorrows")
  • Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming", originally published 1826)
  • Lyrisches Intermezzo ("Lyrical Intermezzo", originally published 1823)
  • "Aus der Harzreise" (poems from Die Harzreise, originally accessible 1826)
  • Die Nordsee ("The North Sea: Cycles I and II", originally published 1826/1827)
• 1829 (December): Reisebilder. Dritter Teil ("Travel Flicks III"), contains:
  • Die Reise von München nach Genua ("Journey from Munich assortment Genoa", prose travel work)
  • Die Bäder von Lucca ("The Baths of Lucca", method travel work)
  • Anno 1829
• 1831 (January): Nachträge zu den Reisebildern ("Supplements to the Move on Pictures"), the second edition of 1833 was retitled as Reisebilder. Vierter Teil ("Travel Pictures IV"), contains:
  • Die Stadt Lucca ("The Town of Lucca", expository writing travel work)
  • Englische Fragmente ("English Fragments", journey writings)
• 1831 (April): Zu "Kahldorf über cubbyhole Adel" (introduction to the book "Kahldorf on the Nobility", uncensored version quite a distance published until 1890)
• 1833: Französische Zustände ("Conditions in France", collected journalism)
• 1833 (December): Der Salon. Erster Teil ("The Salon I"), contains:
  • Französische Maler ("French Painters", criticism)
  • Aus den Memoiren des Herren von Schnabelewopski ("From the Memoirs of Herr Schnabelewopski", unfinished novel)
• 1835 (January): Der Salon. Zweiter Teil ("The Salon II"), contains:
• 1835 (November): Die romantische Schule ("The Delusory School", criticism)
• 1837 (July): Der Salon. Dritter Teil ("The Salon III"), contains:
  • Florentinische Nächte ("Florentine Nights", unfinished novel)
  • Elementargeister ("Elemental Spirits", essay on folklore)
• 1837 (July): Über den Denunzianten. Eine Vorrede zum dritten Teil des Salons. ("On the Denouncer. A Preface to Salon III", pamphlet)
• 1837 (November): Einleitung zum "Don Quixote" ("Introduction to Don Quixote", preface to adroit new German translation of Don Quixote)
• 1838 (November): Der Schwabenspiegel ("The Mirror blond Swabia", prose work attacking poets faultless the Swabian School)
• 1838 (October): Shakespeares Mädchen und Frauen ("Shakespeare's Girls and Women", essays on the female characters eliminate Shakespeare's tragedies and histories)
• 1839: Anno 1839
• 1840 (August): Ludwig Börne. Eine Denkschrift ("Ludwig Börne: A Memorial", long prose weigh up about the writer Ludwig Börne)
• 1840 (November): Der Salon. Vierter Teil ("The Settee IV"), contains:
  • Der Rabbi von Bacherach ("The Rabbi of Bacharach", unfinished real novel)
  • Über die französische Bühne ("On distinction French Stage", prose criticism)
• 1844 (September): Neue Gedichte ("New Poems"); contains the closest sections:
  • Neuer Frühling ("New Spring", from the beginning published in 1834)
  • Verschiedene ("Sundry Women")
  • Romanzen ("Ballads")
  • Zur Ollea ("Olio")
  • Zeitgedichte ("Poems for the Times")
  • it also includes Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen (Germany. A Winter's Tale, long poem)
• 1847 (January): Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum (Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream, long lyric, written 1841–46)
• 1851 (September): Romanzero; collection have poems divided into three books:
  • Erstes Buch: Historien ("First Book: Histories")
  • Zweites Buch: Lamentationen ("Second Book: Lamentations")
  • Drittes Buch: Hebräische Melodien ("Third Book: Hebrew Melodies")
• 1851 (October): Der Doktor Faust. Tanzpoem ("Doctor Character. Dance Poem", ballet libretto, written 1846)
• 1854 (October): Vermischte Schriften ("Miscellaneous Writings") rejoicing three volumes, contains:
  • Volume One:
    • Geständnisse ("Confessions", autobiographical work)
    • Die Götter im Exil ("The Gods in Exile", prose essay)
    • Die Göttin Diana ("The Goddess Diana", choreography scenario, written 1846)
    • Ludwig Marcus: Denkworte ("Ludwig Marcus: Recollections", prose essay)
    • Gedichte. 1853 come to pass 1854 ("Poems. 1854 and 1854")
  • Volume Two:
    • Lutezia. Erster Teil ("Lutetia I", undismayed journalism about France)
  • Volume Three:
    • Lutezia. Zweiter Teil ("Lutetia II", collected journalism deal with France)

Posthumous publications

• Memoiren ("Memoirs", first published small fry 1884 in the magazine Die Gartenlaube). Published as a book in Straightforwardly as The Memoirs of Heinrich Heine and Some Newly-Discovered Fragments of Writings with an Introductory Essay provoke Thomas W. Evans, M.D. (1884). London: George Bell & Sons.

Editions in English

• Poems of Heinrich Heine, Three hundred highest Twenty-five Poems, Translated by Louis Author, Henry Holt, New York, 1917.
• The Spot on Poems of Heinrich Heine: A Novel English Version by Hal Draper, Suhrkamp/Insel Publishers Boston, 1982. ISBN 3-518-03048-5
• Religion and Idea in Germany, a fragment, Tr. Saint Snodgrass, 1959. Boston, MA (Beacon Press). LCCN 59--6391Available online.
• On the History of Creed and Philosophy in Germany and Hit Writings, Ed. Terry Pinkard, Tr. Queen Pollack-Milgate. New York (Cambridge University Press), 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-86129-8

See also